Comparative Anatomy of the External and Middle Ear of Palaeognathous Birds
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Comparative Anatomy of the External and Middle Ear of Palaeognathous Birds
Starck, J.Matthias
Springer-Verlag Berlin and Heidelberg GmbH & Co. KG
07/1995
138
Mole
Inglês
9783540589914
15 a 20 dias
290
Descrição não disponível.
1 Introduction.- 1.1 Objectives of this Study.- 1.2 Literature Review.- 1.3 Theoretical Concepts: Questions and "Answers".- 1.4 Basic Functional Concepts of the Avian Middle Ear: The Transfer Function.- 1.5 Evolutionary History of Middle Ear Structures.- 2 Materials and Methods.- 2.1 Species List.- 2.2 Macroscopic Dissections.- 2.3 X-Ray Computed Tomography.- 2.4 Morphometry.- 2.5 Microscopic Investigations.- 2.6 Nomenclature, Synonyms, and Abbreviations.- 3 Results.- 3.1 Species Biology.- 3.2 External Ear Opening: Position, Ear Covers, Form, and Width of Opening.- 3.3 External Auditory Meatus (Meatus acusticus externus): Position and Course, Bordering Structures, and Relation to Fascia and Muscles.- 3.4 Osteology of the Tympanic Region.- 3.5 Tympanic membrane (Membrana tympanica): Position, Orientation, Fixation, and Histology.- 3.6 Tympanic Recesses and Pneumatization of the Neurocranium.- 3.7 Siphonium and Pneumatization of the Mandible and the Quadrate Bone.- 3.8 Pharyngotympanic Tube.- 3.9 Arthrology of the Quadrate Bone.- 3.10 Columella: Stapes and Extracolumella.- 3.11 Ligaments of the Middle Ear.- 3.12 Muscles of the Middle Ear.- 3.13 Nerves.- 3.14 Paratympanic Organ.- 3.15 Arteries.- 4 Discussion.- 4.1 Towards a Functional Analysis of the Avian Middle Ear.- 4.2 Phylogenetic Implications.- 5 Summary.- 6 References.- 7 Subject Index.- 8 List of Abbreviations and Synonyms Used in Avian Middle Ear Studies.
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Paleognathous;Palaeobiologie;Voegel;birds;functional morphology;interaural pathway;middle ear;morphology;phylogeny;pneumatization
1 Introduction.- 1.1 Objectives of this Study.- 1.2 Literature Review.- 1.3 Theoretical Concepts: Questions and "Answers".- 1.4 Basic Functional Concepts of the Avian Middle Ear: The Transfer Function.- 1.5 Evolutionary History of Middle Ear Structures.- 2 Materials and Methods.- 2.1 Species List.- 2.2 Macroscopic Dissections.- 2.3 X-Ray Computed Tomography.- 2.4 Morphometry.- 2.5 Microscopic Investigations.- 2.6 Nomenclature, Synonyms, and Abbreviations.- 3 Results.- 3.1 Species Biology.- 3.2 External Ear Opening: Position, Ear Covers, Form, and Width of Opening.- 3.3 External Auditory Meatus (Meatus acusticus externus): Position and Course, Bordering Structures, and Relation to Fascia and Muscles.- 3.4 Osteology of the Tympanic Region.- 3.5 Tympanic membrane (Membrana tympanica): Position, Orientation, Fixation, and Histology.- 3.6 Tympanic Recesses and Pneumatization of the Neurocranium.- 3.7 Siphonium and Pneumatization of the Mandible and the Quadrate Bone.- 3.8 Pharyngotympanic Tube.- 3.9 Arthrology of the Quadrate Bone.- 3.10 Columella: Stapes and Extracolumella.- 3.11 Ligaments of the Middle Ear.- 3.12 Muscles of the Middle Ear.- 3.13 Nerves.- 3.14 Paratympanic Organ.- 3.15 Arteries.- 4 Discussion.- 4.1 Towards a Functional Analysis of the Avian Middle Ear.- 4.2 Phylogenetic Implications.- 5 Summary.- 6 References.- 7 Subject Index.- 8 List of Abbreviations and Synonyms Used in Avian Middle Ear Studies.
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